Contrast-induced nephropathy; an update on pathophysiology

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a well-known complication of contrast media administration for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The incidence CIN has increased with the widespread use imaging media. pathological condition that typically occurs within 48 hours exposure to material results in an increase serum creatinine levels more than 44 µmol/L (0.5 mg/dL) or 25% above baseline 1.5 times level 7 days reduction urine output less 0.5 mL/h at least 6 after material. mechanism not fully understood, but it thought involve direct nephrotoxic effects particles, hemodynamic changes, hypoxia oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, immune responses. Prevention involves identifying risk factors taking appropriate measures mitigate them. Currently, there no definitive treatment CIN, mainly symptomatic, supportive care being mainstay. Experimental treatments such as renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal blood purification, stem cell therapy are investigated, their clinical efficacy yet be established.